Unit 5 Language Around the World一、Part one Vocabulary
1、 native adj. 出生地的；本地的；土著的 n. 本地人
native language/tongue 母语
native land 故乡
native speaker 说(本族语) 母语的人
2、 attitude n.态度；看法
attitude to/towards… 对……的态度
3、 refer vi.提到；参考；查阅 vt. 查询；叫……求助于
refer to 查阅；参考；谈到；提及；指的是
reference n. 查阅；参考；涉及；提及
4、 base vt. 以……为据点；以……为基础 n. 底部；基部；基地；基础
base sth. on/upon sth. 以……为基础/根据
base sth. in 将……设在……
5、 variety n.（植物、语言等的）变体；异体；多样化
a variety of = varieties of 许多的；大量的
vary from… to… 从……到……不等；在……到……变化
vary v. 变化 various adj. 各种各种的
6、 means n. 方式；方法；途径
a means of 一种……的方式
by all means 当然行，可以
by no means 决不
by means of 依靠，利用……方式
7、 regard n. 尊重；关注vt. 把……视为；看待
regard…as 把……看作；认为……是
8、 appreciate vt. 欣赏；重视；感激；领会vi. 增值
appreciate (sb.) doing sth. 感激（某人）做某事
I/We appreciate it if… 如果……我（们）会不胜感激
9、 struggle n. & vi. 斗争；奋斗；搏斗
struggle for 为……而斗争
struggle with/against sb. /sth. 与……作斗争
struggle to do 努力做某事
10、 point of view观点；看法
11. equal n. 同等的人；相等物 adj. 相同的；同样的
be equal to sth. /doing sth. (= be suitable/qualified for…)等于/胜任（做）某事
without equal/ have no equal 无与伦比
12、 demand n. 要求；需求vt. 强烈要求；需要vi. 查问
demand to do sth. 要求做某事
demand that… (should) do sth. 要求……做某事（从句用虚拟语气）
13、 relate vt. 联系；讲述
relate to 与……相关；涉及；谈到
relate sth. to sb. 向某人讲述某事
二、Part two Grammar
定语从句
关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
主要作用有：
1、指代表示时间、地点、原因的先行词；
2、在从句中充当句子成分——状语；
3、起连接作用，把主句和定语从句连接起来。
1）when, where, why
when 表示时间，代替先行词并在定语从句中做时间状语，其先行词往往是表示时间的名词。
There are occasions when one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
where表示地点，代替先行词并在定语从句中做地点状语，其先行词往往是表示地点的名词。
Beijing is the place where I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
why表示原因，代替先行词并在定语从句中做原因状语，其先行词往往是表示理由的名词如reason。
Is this the reason why he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
2）that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
关系代词与关系副词的选用
方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就要用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
This is the mountain village that/which I visited last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
若关系词在从句中做主语或宾语，用关系代词；做状语则用关系副词。
Is this the museum that/which you visited a few days ago?
Is this the museum where the exhibition was held？
“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
1、由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句主要用于正式文体，在非正式文体中通常将介词放至句末。如：
This is the man to whom I referred. 我指的就是这个人。
This is the man (whom) I referred to. 我指的就是这个人。
2、直接用于介词后作宾语的关系代词which不能换成that，直接用于介词后作宾语的关系代词whom不能换成who。但若介词用于句末，则用作宾语的which, whom也可换成that, who，或者省略不同。如：
这是一个我们讨论了许多的问题。
This is a subject about which we have talked a lot. (which不能换成that，也不能省略)
This is a subject which we have talked about a lot. 这是一个我们讨论了许多的问题。(which可以换成that，也可以省略)
3、关系副词when, where, why根据情况有时可换成“介词+关系代词”。
如：That is the day when [=on which] he was born. 那就是他出生的日子。
That is the house where [=in which] he lived. 那就是他住过的房子。That is the reason why [=for which] he must apologize. 那就是他必须道歉的原因。
4、在很正式的文体中，“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句可紧缩成“介词+关系代词+不定式”结构。如：在那儿孩子们有个玩耍的花园。
正：There the children had a garden in which to play. (很正式)
正：There the children had a garden in which they could play. (较正式)
正：There the children had a garden to play in. (较口语化)
注：这类“介词+关系代词++不定式”结构中的介词不能没有，也不能放在句末。如不能说
There the children had a garden which to play in.
三、Part three Sentence
1、 There are many reasons why this has been possible, but one of the main factors has been the Chinese writing system.
Reason 后接定语从句
Reason做先行词，后接定语从句：
（1）关系词在句中做状语，用why 或 for which引导定语从句。
（2）如果关系词在句中做主语、宾语等，要用which 或that 引导定语从句，关系词作宾语可以省略。
2、 Over the years, the system developed into different forms, as it was a time when the Chinese people were divided geographically, leading to many varieties of dialects and characters.
“It was a time when… ” 句型意为“那段时间……”time 为先行词，when为关系副词，引导定语从句。
3、 Even today, no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak, they can all still communicate in writing.
“No matter where/what + …” 引导让步状语从句
no matter what/where/when/how/who/which引导让步状语从句可换成whatever/ wherever/ whenever/ however/ whoever/whichever
